Antibody Drugs Tested to Treat COVID-1908/12 06:25

   With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing to test 
what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight the 
virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.

   (AP) -- With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing 
to test what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight 
the virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.

   Antibodies are proteins the body makes when an infection occurs; they attach 
to a virus and help it be eliminated. Vaccines work by tricking the body into 
thinking there's an infection so it makes antibodies and remembers how to do 
that if the real bug turns up.

   But it can take a month or two after vaccination or infection for the most 
effective antibodies to form. The experimental drugs shortcut that process by 
giving concentrated versions of specific ones that worked best against the 
coronavirus in lab and animal tests.

   "A vaccine takes time to work, to force the development of antibodies. But 
when you give an antibody, you get immediate protection," said University of 
North Carolina virologist Dr. Myron Cohen. "If we can generate them in large 
concentrations, in big vats in an antibody factory ... we can kind of bypass 
the immune system."

   These drugs are believed to last for a month or more and could give quick, 
temporary immunity to people at high risk of infection, such as health workers 
and housemates of someone with COVID-19. If they proved effective and if a 
vaccine doesn't materialize or protect as hoped, the drugs might eventually be 
considered for wider use, perhaps for teachers or other groups.

   They're also being tested as treatments, to help the immune system and 
prevent severe symptoms or death.

   "The hope there is to target people who are in the first week of their 
illness and that we can treat them with the antibody and prevent them from 
getting sick," said Dr. Marshall Lyon, an infectious disease specialist helping 
to test one such drug at Emory University in Atlanta.

   Having such a tool "would be a really momentous thing in our fight against 
COVID," Cohen said.

   Vaccines are seen as a key to controlling the virus, which has been 
confirmed to have infected more than 20 million people worldwide and killed 
more than 738,000. Several companies are racing to develop vaccines, but the 
results of the large final tests needed to evaluate them are months away.

   The antibody drugs are "very promising" and, in contrast, could be available 
"fairly soon," said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration 
official who is leading government efforts to speed COVID-19 therapies. Key 
studies are underway and some answers should come by early fall.

   One company, Eli Lilly, has already started manufacturing its antibody drug, 
betting that studies now underway will give positive results.

   "Our goal is to get something out as soon as possible" and to have hundreds 
of thousands of doses ready by fall, said Lilly's chief scientific officer, Dr. 
Daniel Skovronsky.

   Another company that developed an antibody drug cocktail against Ebola --- 
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. --- now is testing one for coronavirus.

   "The success with our Ebola program gives us some confidence that we can 
potentially do this again," said Christos Kyratsous, a Regeneron microbiologist 
who helped lead that work.

   Regeneron's drug uses two antibodies to enhance chances the drug will work 
even if the virus evolves to evade action by one.

   Lilly is testing two different, single-antibody drugs --- one with the 
Canadian company AbCellera and another with a Chinese company, Junshi 
Biosciences. In July, Junshi said no safety concerns emerged in 40 healthy 
people who tried it and that larger studies were getting underway.

   Others working on antibody drugs include Amgen and Adaptive Biotechnologies. 
The Singapore biotech company Tychan Pte Ltd. also is testing an antibody drug 
and has similar products in development for Zika virus and yellow fever.

   "I'm cautiously optimistic" about the drugs, said the nation's top 
infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci. "I'm heartened by the experience 
that we had with Ebola," where the drugs proved effective.

   What could go wrong?

   --- The antibodies may not reach all of the places in the body where they 
need to act, such as deep in the lungs. All the antibody drugs are given 
through an IV and must make their way through the bloodstream to wherever 
they're needed.

   --- The virus might mutate to avoid the antibody --- the reason Regeneron is 
testing a two-antibody combo that binds to the virus in different places to 
help prevent its escape.

   Skovronsky said Lilly stuck with one antibody because manufacturing capacity 
would essentially be cut in half to make two, and "you will have less doses 
available." If a single antibody works, "we can treat twice as many people," he 
said.

   --- The antibodies might not last long enough. If they fade within a month, 
it's still OK for treatment since COVID-19 illness usually resolves in that 
time. But for prevention, it may not be practical to give infusions more often 
than every month or two.

   A San Francisco company, Vir Biotechnology Inc., says it has engineered 
antibodies to last longer than they usually do to avoid this problem. 
GlaxoSmithKline has invested $250 million in Vir to test them.

   Giving a higher dose also may help. If half of antibodies disappear after a 
month, "if you give twice as much, you will have two months' protection," 
Lilly's Skovronsky said.

   --- The big fear: Antibodies may do the opposite of what's hoped and 
actually enhance the virus's ability to get into cells or stimulate the immune 
system in a way that makes people sicker. It's a theoretical concern that 
hasn't been seen in testing so far, but large, definitive experiments are 
needed to prove safety.

   "As best as we can tell, the antibodies are helpful," Lyon said.